History of Istiqlal Mosque
The Istiqlal Mosque, located in Jakarta, Indonesia, is the largest mosque in Southeast Asia and an enduring symbol of Indonesian independence and religious tolerance.
Its rich history, monumental architecture, and sociopolitical significance make it a cornerstone of Indonesia’s cultural and religious landscape.
This article delves into the mosque’s historical roots, construction, design, and ongoing legacy.
Historical Background
The idea for Istiqlal Mosque emerged in the aftermath of Indonesia’s declaration of independence in 1945.
Following centuries of Dutch colonial rule, the mosque was conceptualized as a national symbol, representing the newfound freedom of the predominantly Muslim nation.
The name Istiqlal, derived from Arabic, translates to “independence,” underscoring its role as a monument to sovereignty and unity.
The vision for a grand mosque was proposed by Wahid Hasyim, Indonesia’s first Minister of Religious Affairs, and supported by President Sukarno, who envisioned it as a reflection of the country’s identity.
Sukarno believed that the mosque should represent the inclusive spirit of Pancasila, Indonesia’s state philosophy, which emphasizes religious tolerance.
Planning and Design
In 1955, a national competition was held to select the mosque’s design. Out of 30 submissions, the design by Friedrich Silaban, a Protestant architect, was chosen.
Silaban’s concept stood out for its monumental modernism, blending Islamic aesthetics with functional design. The decision to appoint a Christian architect was a deliberate move to embody Indonesia’s commitment to unity in diversity (Bhinneka Tunggal Ika).
The chosen design emphasized simplicity and grandeur. Key features included a massive central dome, symbolic of divine oneness, and a towering minaret, reflecting Islamic architectural traditions.
Silaban’s vision integrated Indonesian cultural motifs with universal Islamic symbolism, making the mosque a unique architectural landmark.
Construction Process
Construction of the Istiqlal Mosque began in 1961, marked by a ceremonial groundbreaking led by President Sukarno.
However, progress was slow due to limited resources and political instability. The project spanned 17 years, interrupted by the transition from Sukarno’s leadership to Suharto’s regime.
Despite these challenges, the mosque was completed in 1978 and inaugurated on February 22 of the same year.
The lengthy construction period symbolized Indonesia’s journey as a developing nation. The mosque became a physical representation of perseverance and unity during times of change and uncertainty.
Architectural Features
The Istiqlal Mosque occupies an expansive area of approximately 95,000 square meters, accommodating up to 120,000 worshippers. Its design reflects both modern and traditional elements of Islamic architecture:
- The Main Dome: Measuring 45 meters in diameter, the dome symbolizes the year of Indonesian independence (1945). It is supported by 12 massive columns, representing the 12 months of the Islamic lunar calendar.
- Minaret: Standing at 66.66 meters, the minaret’s height corresponds to the total number of verses in the Quran (6,666).
The sleek, modern design of the minaret contrasts with the domed structure, reflecting a harmonious blend of tradition and innovation. - Seven Gates: The mosque features seven entrances, each named after one of Allah’s 99 names, signifying the seven heavens in Islamic cosmology.
- Interior and Ornamentation: The interior is minimalist, with a focus on functionality and worship. The lack of elaborate ornamentation ensures the space remains serene and conducive to prayer.
Location and Symbolism
Strategically situated in central Jakarta, the mosque overlooks Merdeka Square, the site of Indonesia’s National Monument (Monas).
It also faces the Jakarta Cathedral, emphasizing the country’s commitment to interfaith harmony. This placement was intentional, showcasing the coexistence of Indonesia’s religious communities.
Cultural and Religious Significance
Since its inauguration, the Istiqlal Mosque has served as more than a place of worship. It hosts national religious ceremonies, including the annual Eid prayers attended by the President of Indonesia.
The mosque is also a hub for interfaith dialogues, cultural events, and educational programs, promoting understanding and unity among Indonesia’s diverse population.
The mosque’s open-door policy welcomes visitors of all faiths, making it a popular tourist destination. Guided tours provide insights into its history, architecture, and cultural significance, helping to foster international appreciation of Indonesia’s Islamic heritage.
Renovation and Modernization
In 2020, the mosque underwent its first major renovation since its completion. This $45 million project focused on preserving its original design while upgrading its facilities.
Improvements included enhanced lighting, eco-friendly features, and better accessibility for disabled visitors. The renovation reaffirmed the mosque’s status as a modern, inclusive space for worship and cultural exchange.
Legacy and Global Recognition
Today, the Istiqlal Mosque stands as a global symbol of Islamic heritage and Indonesia’s pluralistic values.
Its historical and architectural significance has earned it recognition beyond Indonesia, attracting dignitaries and visitors from around the world. Leaders such as Barack Obama and King Salman of Saudi Arabia have visited the mosque, highlighting its international appeal.
As the largest mosque in Southeast Asia, Istiqlal continues to inspire and unite, reflecting the enduring spirit of independence and religious harmony that defines Indonesia.
Update 2024
The Istiqlal Mosque in Jakarta, Indonesia, has undergone significant developments in recent years, enhancing its status as a national symbol and a center for religious activities.
Major Renovation (2019–2020)
Between May 2019 and July 2020, the Istiqlal Mosque underwent its first major renovation since its inauguration in 1978. The Indonesian government allocated approximately Rp 511 billion (around USD 35 million) for this project. The renovation included:
- Polishing and cleaning the marble exterior and stainless steel ornamentation.
- Upgrading electrical and plumbing systems.
- Installing a new LED lighting system.
- Renovating the mihrab and mimbar.
- Improving gardens, parks, and plazas.
- Constructing a two-story basement parking facility.
President Joko Widodo inaugurated the renovated mosque on January 7, 2021, expressing hope that it would become a source of pride for all Indonesians.
Terowongan Silaturahmi (Tunnel of Friendship)
A notable addition is the “Terowongan Silaturahmi,” a tunnel connecting the Istiqlal Mosque with the Jakarta Cathedral, located directly opposite.
This structure symbolizes religious harmony and was expected to be completed before Ramadan 2020.
Istiqlal Mosque’s 45th Anniversary: Milestones and Innovations
On February 22, 2023, the Istiqlal Mosque celebrated its 45th anniversary with a series of events and initiatives aimed at enhancing its role as a center for religious and community activities. These milestones highlight the mosque’s commitment to innovation and inclusivity.
1. Launch of the Istiqlalverse
In collaboration with PT Telkom Indonesia, the mosque introduced the Istiqlalverse, a virtual experience within the metaNesia metaverse platform. This initiative allows people from around the world to explore the mosque digitally, offering an interactive and immersive experience.
The Istiqlalverse positions the mosque as the first in Indonesia to enter the metaverse, bridging technology and spirituality to connect with a broader audience.
2. MURI Records and ISO Certifications
During the anniversary, the Istiqlal Mosque achieved two prestigious recognitions from the Museum Rekor Dunia Indonesia (MURI):
- “Largest Energy Endowment Through Interfaith Aerobic Exercise”
- “First Mosque with Metaverse Facilities”
Additionally, Madrasah Istiqlal Jakarta, an educational institution affiliated with the mosque, received ISO 21001:2018 and ISO 9001:2015 certifications. These awards signify excellence in educational management and quality assurance.
3. Inauguration of the Children’s Playground
As part of its community-focused initiatives, the mosque inaugurated the “Friendship Park”, a dedicated children’s playground. This facility provides a safe and welcoming space for families, emphasizing the mosque’s role as a hub for communal and recreational activities.
Reflections and Aspirations
The 45th anniversary celebration reflects the Istiqlal Mosque’s evolving role as a modern religious institution that balances tradition with innovation. From its historical significance to its forward-looking initiatives, the mosque continues to serve as a beacon of Islamic moderation and community empowerment.
These milestones affirm Istiqlal’s enduring legacy as a symbol of faith, unity, and progress.
Environmental Efforts
Under the leadership of Grand Imam Nasaruddin Umar, the mosque has implemented eco-friendly measures such as installing solar panels, using water-saving faucets, and establishing a water recycling system. These efforts have earned the mosque recognition as the first green-certified place of worship by the World Bank.
These developments reflect the Istiqlal Mosque’s ongoing commitment to serving as a symbol of Indonesia’s independence, religious tolerance, and environmental responsibility.
Conclusion
The History of Istiqlal Mosque is a story of faith, resilience, and unity. From its conception in the early days of independence to its role as a global landmark, the mosque embodies the ideals of freedom and harmony.
Whether as a site of worship or a beacon of cultural pride, Istiqlal remains a testament to Indonesia’s rich heritage and inclusive spirit.